Clinical Characteristics and Comorbidity Patterns Among Patients with Hypertension Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68041/jmmhr.v1i1/03Keywords:
Hypertension, Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidities, Multimorbidity, Medication AdherenceAbstract
Background: Hypertension is a common non-communicable disease and a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It often exists concurrently with other chronic illnesses, which places a burden on the disease and makes its management difficult. To evaluate clinical features and disease burden in hypertensive patients of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based at hospital, from January to August 2023. The number of adult hypertensive patients enrolled were 320 by consecutive sampling. Sociodemographic and clinical parameters such as body mass index (BMI), duration and severity of hypertension, family history, smoking history, medication adherence, and co-morbidity were gathered from a structured questionnaire and medical record review. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Associations were evaluated by the Chi square test, p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: Most participants were aged 45–59 years (43.1%), male (54.4%), and urban residents (59.4%). 55.6% of patients had stage 2 hypertension. The most frequent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (45.6%), dyslipidemia (41.9%) and obesity (32.5%). Multiple comorbidities were statistically significantly associated with older age, obesity, hypertension duration >10 years, smoking and non-adherence to medications (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Hypertension is commonly associated with multiple chronic conditions. Comprehensive management, including early identification of high-risk patients and regular screening for complications, can help minimize complications and enhance long-term outcomes.
References
1. Goorani S, Zangene S, Imig JD. Hypertension: A Continuing Public Healthcare Issue. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 26;26(1):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010123
2. Ojangba T, Boamah S, Miao Y, Guo X, Fen Y, Agboyibor C, et al. Comprehensive effects of lifestyle reform, adherence, and related factors on hypertension control: A review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2023 Jun;25(6):509-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14653
3. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Apr;16(4):223-237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
4. Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Ghosh S, Shivashankar R, Ajay VS, Kondal D, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypertension: Results from a representative cohort of over 16,000 adults in three cities of South Asia. Indian Heart J. 2017 Jul-Aug;69(4):434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.05.021
5. Zhang S, Yang Y, Chen X, Fan L, Wu J, Liu X, et al. Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipidemia Status Among Hypertensive Patients in the Community and Influencing Factors Analysis of Blood Pressure Control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2025 Feb;27(2):e14965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14965
6. Zhai Z, Yang Y, Lin G, Lin W, Wu J, Liu X, et al. The hypertension and hyperlipidemia status among type 2 diabetic patients in the community and influencing factors analysis of glycemic control. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023 Apr 13;15(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01013-0
7. S H, Tripathi S, Venuturumilli R, K SP, Reddy GHV, Mukherjee B, et al. Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions in Multimorbid Patients: A Review of Current Evidence. Cureus. 2025 Nov 24;17(11):e97640. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.97640
8. Kernick D, Chew-Graham CA, O'Flynn N. Clinical assessment and management of multimorbidity: NICE guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2017 May;67(658):235-236. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X690857
9. Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, Whelton PK. Prevention and Control of Hypertension: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Sep 11;72(11):1278-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.008
10. Reeve J, Maden M, Hill R, Turk A, Mahtani K, Wong G, et al. Deprescribing medicines in older people living with multimorbidity and polypharmacy: the TAILOR evidence synthesis. Health Technol Assess. 2022 Jul;26(32):1-148. https://doi.org/10.3310/AAFO2475
11. Hareru HE, Gedamu BA, Ayehu Akele M, Temesgen EK, Sisay D. Prevalence of Comorbidity and Associated Factors Among Patients With Hypertension in Health Facilities of Southern Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int. 2026 Jan 21;2026:7739774. https://doi.org/10.1155/bmri/7739774
12. Pedret-Llaberia R, Basora-Gallisà T, Martínez-Torres S, Rodríguez-Soler S, Pallejà-Millán M, Buscemi A, Rey-Reñones C, et al. Social and Demographic Determinants of Health: A Descriptive Study on the Impact of Place of Residence and Community Belonging. Healthcare (Basel). 2025 May 12;13(10):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13101125
13. Cheng W, Du Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, He C, He J, et al. Age-related changes in the risk of high blood pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Sep 15;9:939103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.939103
14. Lu Y, Brush JE Jr, Kim C, Liu Y, Xin X, Huang C, et al. Delayed Hypertension Diagnosis and Its Association With Cardiovascular Treatment and Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jul 1;8(7):e2520498. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.20498
15. Kim HJ, Kim BS, Kim H, Lee J, Shin JH, Sung KC. Impact of blood pressure and medication adherence on clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Apr 28;12:1564791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1564791
16. Pardamean CI, Sudigyo D, Budiarto A, Mahesworo B, Hidayat AA, Baurley JW, et al. Changing Colorectal Cancer Trends in Asians: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Oncol Rev. 2023 May 22;17:10576. https://doi.org/10.3389/or.2023.10576
17. Hajat C, Stein E. The global burden of multiple chronic conditions: A narrative review. Prev Med Rep. 2018 Oct 19;12:284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.008
18. Peng P, Li J, Wang L, Ai Z, Tang C, Tang S. An analysis of socioeconomic factors on multiple chronic conditions and its economic burden: evidence from the National Health Service Survey in Yunnan Province, China. Front Public Health. 2023 May 3;11:1114969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114969
19. Valerio G, Di Bonito P, Calcaterra V, Cherubini V, Corica D, De Sanctis L, et al. Cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: a position paper of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. Ital J Pediatr. 2024 Oct 8;50(1):205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-024-01767-x
20. Bae JP, Nelson DR, Boye KS, Mather KJ. Prevalence of complications and co-morbidities in males and females with obesity: Real-world insights from claims data analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Nov;26(11):5005-5012. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15914
21. Díez-Villanueva P, Jiménez-Méndez C, Pardo HG, Alarcón JA, Campuzano R. The Role of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in the Elderly Patient. Cardiology. 2024;149(6):561-570. https://doi.org/10.1159/000539766
22. Hardy ST, Huang L, Colantonio LD, Akinyelure OP, Foti K, Ghazi L, et al. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events and Deaths Among Black Adults Via Systolic Blood Pressure Equity. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Nov 3;8(11):e2541336. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.41336
23. Parmar MP, Kaur M, Bhavanam S, Mulaka GSR, Ishfaq L, Vempati R, et al. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System and General Health. Cureus. 2023 Apr 24;15(4):e38073. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38073
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Mubeen, Kosar Alim (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Medical and Multidisciplinary Healthcare Research (JMMHR) follows the Attribution Creative Commons-Non commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license which allows the users to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform and build upon the material. The users must give credit to the source and indicate, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. However, the CC BY-NC 4.0 license restricts the use of material for commercial purposes (Further details are available at website. The Editorial Board of the JSAMR endeavors to ensure the accuracy, integrity, and quality of all published content. However, the responsibility of opinions, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in the published articles rests entirely with the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board, publisher, or affiliated institutions.
